Hate Crimes Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And...

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals people make up more than ten percent of the population; that means if you are sitting in a classroom of thirty, then more than three of those people are LGBT individuals. However, this overwhelmingly large minority group continues to be one of the least protected by the government as well as most heavily targeted by discrimination and hate crimes. Regardless of the powerful shift in public opinion concerning LGBT individuals during the last twenty years, the laws concerning hate crimes have remained invariable. A hate crime is an act of aggression against an individuals actual or perceived race, ethnicity, religions, disability, sexual orientation, or gender. Examples†¦show more content†¦The other hate crime law in effect is the Hate Crime Sentencing Act, passed in 1994. It states that perpetrators of a hate crime are to be given not less than three offense levels for offenses that the finder of fact at trial determines beyond a reasonable doubt are hate crimes. This law, however is only in effect if someone is attacked on federal property, such as a national park or Indian reservation, while trying to perform a constitutionally protected right, such as vote or attend school. Because of these limitations a gay man from Shreveport who was beaten to death while waiting for a cab outside of a gay bar would not be protected by the hate crime legislation or a certain Matthew Shepard who was attacked while walking down the streets of Laramie, Wyoming. Hate crimes performed against homosexuals are on the rise as well. The 1996 FBI statistics state that anti-gay hate crimes account for 11.6% of all hate crimes data collected. Though the overall average is down by 1.2% from the year prior the crimes are far more violent and public. There were five more arson reports, ten more reports of crimes committed in commercial buildings, and crimes committed in private residences rose from 267 to 318. These statistics are terrifying, but what makes it even more horrendous is that they are merely the tip of a colossal iceberg; a vast majority ofShow MoreRelatedHate Crime Protection for Gays and Lesbians685 Words   |  3 PagesIn this Gays and lesbians deserve equal protection against the hate crimes that happen in the world. Arent we told as young children and also throughout life to treat others as we would want to be treated? So why are some decimated against based on sexual preference? The statistics show the percentages of the hate discrimination against the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual community. The violence that they are pitted against, due to peoples discrimination against them, in life. And I willRead MoreThe Laramie Project, By Moses Kaufman Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pageshad different point of views. Some thought it was a hate crime, others thought it was just a brutal assault or a form of robbery. Four hundred interviews were conducted so as to come up with the reasons behind the brutal murder straight from the town folks. The main issue was how homosexuality was defined in the crime. The Laramie Project, questioned the rights of the LGBT+ group. For example, why were Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgenders discriminated by the community and the society as aRead MoreEssay on Homosexual Rights and Equality1242 Words   |  5 Pagesfathers wrote these words to protect all individuals. Those Americans who abide by the rules and who are upstanding citizens have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. However, Americans who are not the typical heterosexual are restricted from their rights even if they are faithful citizens. Gay and lesbian couples are discriminated against and unfairly treated because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination against gay and lesbian couples must be confronted so that thoseRead MoreInward Struggle Of Coming Out Methodology1344 Words   |  6 PagesOut-Methodology Methods The transgender community continue to battle the acknowledgment of independent identity within society. The ongoing problem has been the continued gender crisis with mistaken the identity of transgender as the same as gay or lesbian sexuality. Gay is a term commonly used to refer to homosexuals, but transgender is the state in which a person’s gender identity does not match with his/her physical sex (Gay Couple Fertility Care, 2015, p. 1). Transgender people may identify as heterosexualRead MoreLesbian, Gay, Bisexual And Transgender993 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) are extremely marginalized in the basic aspects of life, despite recent changes in the law legalizing same-sex marriage. The following articles, Lesbian, Gay Bisexual and Transgender families in Journal of Marriage and Family, and End-of-Life Care for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people; provides an in-depth look of on-going struggles and d iscrimination they face. Biblarz and Savci (2010) analyzed families thatRead MoreLGBT Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Bases Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston1365 Words   |  6 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Based Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association regarded the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) community as consisting of sociopathic individuals with personality disorders. Today, the stigma has lifted off of these individuals and relationships among the LGBTs are no longer crimes in the US and many other countries; however, select individualsRead MoreEssay on LGBTQ Youth: The Endless Strife1362 Words   |  6 PagesRegional Listening Forum for LGBTQ youth: I realized that being gay is not my problem. It’s their problem. I see it as a social disease. I try not to get involved in negative communities. But I do try to teach them. I’d rather teach them than ignore them. Otherwise, the ignorance will continue and nothing will ever be done about it. (380) Ignorance is the root of nearly all tribulations surrounding the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning community. Education is a way to eradicate theRead MoreThe United States Should Pass New Laws To Prevent Discrimination704 Words   |  3 Pages The united states should pass new laws to prevent discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender citizens because along with degrading discrimination socially, politically, and economically through history based on sexual orientation, they face verbal abuse, and other hate crimes in every aspect of their lives which it is against the declaration of independence and constitution. Sexuality is one of the most debated issued in our current politics, followed by leading disputesRead MoreThe, Gay, Bisexual, And Transsexual People Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pageswho are targeted due to their sexual orientation. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual people experience too much discrimination within the workplac e, schools and social settings we must be supportive and embrace gender identity. This has also been known to cause victims to attempt suicide. Lesbians are homosexual (attracted to persons of the same sex) women; it relates to homosexual women or to homosexuality in women. The definition of gay is a person, especially a homosexual man: it can alsoRead MoreGender Equality : A Fundamental Principle Of International Human Rights1229 Words   |  5 Pageswho are often close to them. Violence and abuse can cause terrible physical and emotional pain. The United States has made remarkable progress on gay rights in a relatively short amount of time. But there is still much work to be done. In many states, it is still legal to fire someone for being gay. It is legal to deny someone housing for being transgender. We must end discrimination of all forms. In reality, just because laws have changed to make life for LGBT people better, that doesn t mean that

3.2 Describe with Examples How Schools May Demonstrate and...

Level 2 Award inSSiS Unit T/601/3325 (205) Task C Page 1 3.1 define the meaning of: Aims The aims are what the school wants to achieve. They could include the goals, targets, intentions and purpose. Values The values are the principles or standards which could include rules of conduct, respect, honesty, kindness, sharing and appreciation. 3.2 Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims Schools might demonstrate their aims by providing the basis for the delivery of the best†¦show more content†¦All rules are displayed in every classroom, children are addressed in assembly everyday and rewarded for good work at the end of the week with pupil of the week, house points, any certificates gained and rewards for good behaviour. Written tasks Obtain a copy of the mission statement or other statement reflecting the core beliefs and purpose of a school with which they are familiar and answer the following questions: Define the meaning of the words aims and values The aims are what they want to achieve and the values are how they are going to achieve it. Describe the schools aims and values St Davids RC Primary School in Cwmbran have the following aims: To follow Christ’s example in serving others. To provide a broad, balanced and integrated curriculum with a view to developing the individual child’s full potential. To foster an environment in which all can grow in their knowledge, understanding and commitment to the Catholic faith, and that of the wider Christian community. To create a happy school environment where everyone feels valued and secure. To prepare children for life so that they can display respect and tolerance in a multi-cultural society To nurture a community where all children, staff, parents, governors and parish work together. To follow Christ’s example in serving others. To provide a broad, balanced and integrated curriculumShow MoreRelatedTda 2.5 Schools as Organisations2215 Words   |  9 PagesTDA 2.5 Schools as organisations Task 1 Links to learning outcome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, assessment criteria 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. †¢ Identify the main types of state and independent schools †¢ Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance †¢ Describe roles and responsibilities of: - School governors - Senior management team - Other statutory roles e.g. SENCO - TeachersRead MoreTda 2.5: Schools as Organisations Essay2027 Words   |  9 Pagesand independent schools. †¢ Primary schools †¢ Secondary schools †¢ Academies †¢ Nurseries †¢ Colleges †¢ Grammar schools †¢ Free schools †¢ Faith schools †¢ Foundation schools †¢ Private schools †¢ Private nurseries †¢ Special needs schools 1.2 Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance. PrimaryRead MoreEssay on Schools as Organisations2523 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.5 Schools as Organisations 1.1: Identify the main types of state and independent schools. 1.2: Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance. †¢ Primary schools – funded by the Government and cover key stages 1 2. †¢ Secondary schools – funded by the Government and cover key stages 3 4. †¢ Academies – State maintained but independently run and cover key stages 3 4. †¢ NurseriesRead MoreSchools as Organisations Level 36524 Words   |  27 PagesUnit 10 Schools as organisations 1.1 Identify the main types of state and independent schools Pre-compulsory LA nurseries, private day nurseries, childminders, playgroups. Compulsory Primary school state and independent, secondary schools state and independent, Academies Further Education Sixth form, College, university 1.2 Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage and school governance Local Authority Nurseries Read MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesManage quality in health and social care or children and young people s setting (O43) 131 Develop and evaluate operational plans for own area of responsibility (B1) 133 Manage physical resources (E8) Understand partnership working (M2a) Understand how to manage a team (LM1a) 135 137 138 Unit 522 Unit 523 Unit 524 Unit 525 Unit 526 Unit 527 Unit 528 Unit 529 Unit 530 Unit 531 Unit 532 Unit 533 Unit 534 Unit 535 Unit 536 Unit 537 Understanding professional supervision practice (LM2a) 140 UnderstandRead More4222 206 Workbook Role of the Health and Social Care Worker5486 Words   |  22 Pagescontribution; Increased choice and control; Freedom from discrimination and harassment; Economic well-being; and Maintaining personal dignity and respect The role of the worker can be identified as: Assessment Skills Usually the care plan. 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I confirmed that, this dissertation is a product of my own work and is not the result of anything done in collaboration. I agree that this dissertation may be available for referencing and photocopying, at the discretion of university. Signature........................................ Name: NOWSHAD MOURIN SHAWON. Date: 14/09/2012 NOWSHAD MOURIN SHAWON L0044SZSZ1010 Page i Acknowledgements:

Mother Tongue by Amy Tan Summary free essay sample

According to the phrase where Amy Tan says,â€Å"I think my mother’s English almost had an effect on limiting my possibilities in life†. She means that her mother’s language could have affected her life, but why or how? It was because of how people reacted to it, the way they distinguish or see regardless of her ethnicity. As well, she illustrates some life examples on how her mother’s English language takes part in forming her own identity. The writer states, that the perception she had for her mother was limited English. Especially on achievement tests, such as IQ tests, and the SAT. Also hearing her mother spoken â€Å" limited English† at home conduct her to do bad on English courses at school too, rather than her science and math courses in where she got an excellent grade. Consequently taking her away of pursuing her objective in life.But when Tan’s mother speak, she was not reflecting how she really thinks instead of expressing the perfect, vivid, and imaginary thoughts she had. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Tongue by Amy Tan: Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fact that people try to avoid her mother in order to save time talking to her. The writer states, that the perception she had for her mother was limited English. But not reflecting how she really thinks instead of expressing the perfect, vivid, and imaginary thoughts she had. The fact that people try to avoid her mother in order to save time talking to her. As a matter of fact, her love to literature and her rebellious being did not stop her to pursue her dream on becoming a writer. Even Though, people’s opinions on her mother’s English or the results on Tan’s English tests. Like she says that her mother’s English’s â€Å"ALMOST† had an effect on limiting her possibilities in life but it did not. By all means, her phrase has a lot of to say with all her examples and how living in a house with a broken English affected part of her life and how she did not cease on having a master on the English Language.

Variable Cost and Unit Selling Price Essay Example For Students

Variable Cost and Unit Selling Price Essay Cost behavior refers to the manner in which: *a. a cost changes as the related activity changes b. a cost is allocated to products c. a cost is used in setting selling prices d. a cost is estimated 3370. The three most common cost behavior classifications are: a. variable costs, product costs, and sunk costs *b. fixed costs, variable costs, and mixed costs c. variable costs, period costs, and differential costs d. variable costs, sunk costs, and opportunity costs 3371. Costs that remain constant in total dollar amount as the level of activity changes are called: *a. ixed costs b. mixed costs c. pportunity costs d. variable costs 3372. Which of the graphs in Figure 20-1 illustrates the behavior ofa total fixed cost? a. Graph 2 b. Graph 3 c. Graph 4 *d. Graph 1 3373. Which of the graphs in Figure 20-1 illustrates the behavior ofa total variable cost? *b. Graph 3 3374. Which of the graphs in Figure 20-1 illustrates the nature ofa mixed cost? *a. Graph 2 d. Graph 1 3375. Which of the following costs is an example of a cost that remains the same in total as the number of units produced changes? a. Direct labor *b. Salary of a factory supervisor c. Units of production depreciation on factory equipment . Direct materials 3376. Which of the following describes the behavior of the fixed cost per unit? *a. Decreases with increasing production b. Decreases with decreasing production c. Remains constant with changes in production d. Increases with increasing production 3377. Which of the following activity bases would be the most appropriate for food costs of a hospital? a. Number of cooks scheduled to work b. Number of x-rays taken *c. Number of patients who stay in the hospital d. Number of scheduled surgeries 3378. Which of the following activity bases would be the most appropriate for asoline costs of a delivery service, such as United Postal Service? a. Number of trucks employed *b. Number of miles driven c. Number of trucks in service 3379. Most operating decisions of management focus on a narrow range of activity called the: *a. relevant range of production b. strategic level of production c. optimal level of production d. tactical operating level of production 3380. Costs that vary in total in direct proportion to changes in an activity level are called: a. fixed costs b. sunk costs *c. ariable costs d. differential costs 3381. Which of the following is an example of a cost that varies in total as the number f units produced changes? a. Salary of a production supervisor *b. Direct materials cost c. Property taxes on factory buildings d. Straight-line depreciation on factory equipment 3382. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cost that varies in total as the number of units produced changes? a. Electricity per KWH to operate factory equipment b. Direct materials cost *c. Straight-line depreciation on factory equipment d. Wages of assembly worker 3383. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cost that varies in total as the *c. Insurance premiums on factory building 3384. Which of the following describes the behavior of the variable cost per unit? a. Varies in increasing proportion with changes in the activity level b. Varies in decreasing proportion with changes in the activity level *c. Remains constant with changes in the activity level d. Varies in direct proportion with the activity level 3385. The graph of a variable cost when plotted against its related activity base appears as a: a. circle b. rectangle *c. straight line d. urved line .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .postImageUrl , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:hover , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:visited , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:active { border:0!important; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:active , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homosexuality (526 words) Essay 3386. A cost that has characteristics of both a variable cost and a fixed cost is called a. variable/fixed cost *b. ixed cost c. discretionary cost d. sunk cost 3387. Which of the following costs is a mixed cost? a. Salary of a factory supervisor b. Electricity costs of $2 per kilowatt-hour *c. Rental costs of $5,000 per month plus $. 30 per machine hour of use d. Straight- line depreciation on factory equipment 3388. For purposes of analysis, mixed costs are generally: a. classified as fixed costs b. classified as variable costs c. classified as period costs *d. eparated into their variable and fixed cost components the year, 3,500 desks were manufactured at a total cost of $84,400. In its slowest onth, the company made 1,100 desks at a cost of $46,000. Using the high-low method of cost estimation, total fixed costs are: a. $56,000 *b. $28,400 c. $17,600 d. cannot be determined from the data given 3390. Given the following cost and activity observations for Bounty Companys utilities, use the high-low method to calculate Bounty variable utilities costs per machine hour. Cost Machine Hours March $3,100 1 5,000 April 2,700 10,ooo May 2,900 12,000 June 3,600 18,000 a. $10. 00 b. $. 67 *d. $. 11 ; 3391. Given the following cost and activity observations for Smithson Companys tilities, use the high-low method to calculate Smithsons fixed costs per month. Round variable cost per unit to two decimal places in your calculations. January $52,200 20,000 February 75,000 29,000 57,000 22,000 64,000 24,500 *a. $1,600 b. $2,530 c. $22,800 d. $50,600 ; 3392. Given the following cost and activity observations for Taco Companys utilities, $800 10,400 July 7,200 August 9,500 b. $. 60 *c. $. 40 d. $. 52 3393. Manley Co. manufactures office furniture. During the most productive month of the year, 4,500 desks were manufactured at a total cost of $86,625. In its slowest onth, the company made 1,800 desks at a cost of $49,500. Using the high-low a. $61875 b. $33875 3394. Which of the following statements is true regarding fixed and variable costs? a. Both costs are constant when considered on a per unit basis. b. Both costs are constant when considered on a total basis. *c. Fixed costs are constant in total, and variable costs are constant per unit. d. Variable costs are constant in total, and fixed costs vary in total. 3395. As production increases, what would you expect to happen to fixed cost per unit? a. Increase *b. Decrease c. Remain the same d. Either increase or decrease, depending on the variable costs 3396. Knowing how costs behave is useful to management for all the following reasons except for *a. predicting customer demand. b. predicting profits as sales and production volumes change. c. estimating costs. d. changing an existing product production. 3397. The manufacturing cost of Prancer Industries for three months of the year are provided below: Total Cost Production $ 60,700 1,200 units 80,920 1 ,800 100,300 a. $32. 30 per unit and $77,520 respectively. *b. $33 per unit and $21,100 respectively. c. 32 per unit and $76,800 respectively. . $32. 30 per unit and $22,780 respectively. 3398. As production increases, what should happen to the variable costs per unit? *a. Stay the same. b. Increase. c. Decrease. d. Either increase or decrease, depending on the fixed costs. 3399. Cool-It Company manufactures and sells commercial air conditioners. Because of current trends, it expects to increase sales by 15 percent next year. If this expected level of production and sales occurs and plant expansion is not needed, how should this increase affect next years total amounts for the following costs. .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .postImageUrl , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:hover , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:visited , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:active { border:0!important; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:active , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: -The Lotos-Eaters By Tennyson EssayVariable Costs increase o change decrease Fixed Costs Mixed Costs increase *b. increase   c. increase d. 3400. Given the following costs and activities for Downing Company electrical costs, use the high-low method to calculate Downings variable electrical costs per machine hour. Costs $11,700 $13,200 17,500 $11,400 14,500 a. $2. 08 b. $6. 00 *c. $0. 60 d. $1. 20 ; 3401. The systematic examination of the relationships among selling prices, volume of sales and production, costs, and profits is termed: a. contribution margin analysis *b. cost-volume-profit analysis c. budgetary analysis d. gross profit analysis ; 3402. In cost-volume-profit analysis, all costs are classified into the following two categories: a. mixed costs and variable costs b. sunk costs and fixed costs c. discretionary costs and sunk costs *d. variable costs and fixed costs ; 3403. Contribution margin is: *a. the excess of sales revenue over variable cost b. another term for volume in the cost-volume-profit analysis c. profit d. the same as sales revenue ; 3404. The contribution margin ratio is: a. the same as the variable cost ratio b. the same as profit c. the portion of equity contributed by the stockholders *d. the same as the profit-volume ratio

Make Believe Play free essay sample

Pretend or make believe play has been associated with child development and mental cognition. Piaget and Vygotsky in particular contended that children learn constructively through their interaction with their physical, social and cultural environments and that make believe play enhances their development. Enculturation, language development, the zone of proximal development and scaffolding are aspects of developmental significance considered. Make believe play has been used successfully in educational settings; however, there are gaps between theory and application, in particular, with regard to culture. Make-believe play: theoretical origins, developmental significance and application in educational settings. Introduction Thinking of ‘play’ is often in the context of children and this brings to mind visions of children at school, kindergarten or at home engaged in self-directed, fun, unstructured and spontaneous activities such as playing dress ups or playing grownups with dolls at an imaginative tea party. While such activities may be looked upon with amusement and perhaps indulgence by parents or major caregivers, the concept of play has been the subject of theoretical discussion, some of which has recognized the significance of make believe play to overall child development and mental cognition (Berk, 1994). We will write a custom essay sample on Make Believe Play or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay discusses the origins of play and considers some aspects of developmental significance of imaginative play in early childhood through the major theories of Vygotsky and Piaget, specifically linked to enhanced learning in the educational setting. Theories of play Berk (1994) points out there is a plethora of literature exploring theoretical contributions to the understanding of children’s play, most of which views the concept from different vantage points. Stagnitti (2004) highlights the early influences of Spencer (1878), Lazarus (1883) and Groos (1985) who contended that play occurs because children have a surplus of energy to burn and play is an innate process linked to evolution and survival. Through his psychodynamic theory, Sigmund Freud (1961) took another approach and emphasized the role that play has in influencing emotional constraints in development due to problems hidden in the unconscious mind and that play provides an avenue for children to express these problems and control desired outcomes (Stagnitti). The above early accounts of play were precursors to the well known theories of Piaget and Vygotsky who made major contributions to cognitive development and learning (Matusov Hayes, 2000). Vygotsky and Piaget held similar views on learning and development, both contending that children learn and develop through internalising experiences presented in the environment and interacting with that environment (Berk, 1994; Gray, 2002). They both supported the notion that children start with a knowledge of ‘self’ and then through the integration of new ideas and knowledge gained through their physical, social and cultural environments, they become aware of others (De Vries, 2000). Even though they held some similar beliefs, the views of Vygotsky and Piaget originated from two different perspectives Vygotsky approached his theory from a combination of socio-cultural perspectives while Piaget focussed on a constructivist/cognitive view (De Vries). Piaget’s constructivist view contended that children are little scientists spontaneously reacting to and experimenting with stimulus (symbols or objects) presented in their physical environment (Rogoff, 1990 in Gray, 2002). For example, Piaget (De Vries, 2000) argued that a stimulus is not a stimulus until the child had acted upon it. In this case, children internalise their reactions and explorations of the object/stimulus and mentally categorise the functional and physical properties. These reactions are stored as internal representations or schemes, and the child is able to recall and apply the same actions to future objects/stimulus or restructure existing schemes to accommodate new information presented. Children progress through different stages of schemes to improve their ability to mentally ymbolize objects and this progression eventually equips them with the ability to proficiently symbolise objects which are not present: that is, engage in relational and representational thought (Gray, 2002). Piaget held that the representational thought process contributes to the emergence of spontaneous make-believe (Berk, 1994). Where Piaget regarded the child as a little scientist, Vygotsky saw the child as an apprentice who is part of a greater society and actively engages with others to learn from them (Rogoff, 1990 in Gray 2002). Vygotsky attributed significance to experience in the socio-cultural environment and also held that make believe play does not develop spontaneously but it is nurtured through the social interactions of other people (Berk, 1994). Children do not exist in a social vacuum: they are born into a pre-existing culture and their society is made up of family, peers and others, all of whom have an influence on how the child interacts with the environment (Gray, 2002). He contended that the socio-cultural environment provided the impetus for the child to realise the existence of other people and understand through cooperative interaction, the affects of his/her own actions on others. Through the child’s social interactions, exposure to language results and becomes the major communication tool used in that environment. Vygotsky linked language with symbolism and acknowledged the child’s ability to internalise the symbols into verbal thought (Gray). Vygotsky’s social and cultural environments promoted communication, social rules, self-control of actions and significance of culture (Gray, 2002; Berk, 1994) and he considered that together, all these aspects develop from make believe play (Vygotsky, 1933, as cited in Berk, 1994). Make believe play its significance to development Through the examination of the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, it is possible to draw some conclusions as to why make believe play is significant. For example, they both agreed that make believe play occurs as a result of the interaction of the child with its environment and vice-versa. While Berk (1994) contends that evidence from the socio-cultural viewpoint mostly justifies the importance of make believe play in cognitive development, both point to the significance of make believe play. Children learn the social norms and rules of society through the mechanism of make believe play, although Vygotsky and Piaget view the basis for this differently. Vygotsky contended society and culture dictate that implicit and explicit rules, morals and social norms exist to ensure acceptable behaviors. During infancy, the child’s main caregivers expose them to these rules and together with peers, help shape the child’s behaviors and competencies for acceptance and meeting social expectations (usually facilitated through verbal guidance and pretend play) (Gray, 2002). In contrast, Piaget argued that it is through their own intelligence that children know how to act and behave and as they are ‘solo thinkers’, the emphasis of social guidance (through mechanisms like pretend play) affects their thinking and not their actions (Matusov Hayes, 2000). Through their short-term longitudinal study comparing nonsocial peer play behavior with emotionality, regulation and social functioning, Spinrad et al. (2004) cautions against nonsocial behavior. They found that solitary play (nonsocial play) appeared to be linked with peer exclusion and rejection, thus resulting in anxiety problems. These studies therefore support the importance of the social contact given in pretend play to enhance growth of self-esteem and social acceptance. Research supports the notion that make believe play enhances language development and communication processes in young children (Berk, 1994). While Piaget believed that language is a side effect of the development of thought, and not essential to it (Gray, 2002), Vygotsky believed language to be major foundation for the development of thought and the main basis for social interaction. Lewis (2003), in a study considering the relationship between language and play, concluded that there is a connection, although this can be mediated by how parents and their children interact while they are playing. An area of importance to pretend play pertains to Vygotsky’s ‘zone of proximal development’ (ZPD): he believed that children increase developmental potential under the specific guidance of an adult/teacher or better skilled peer (Gray, 2002). Through interaction, the child learns from heir peers and advances their level of knowledge (Berk, 1994). Vygotsky’s view on educational practices connected with the ZPD saw the teacher as modeling the program, guiding the child through demonstrations and asking leading questions (De Vries, 2000). In contrast, Piaget felt that the concept of a ‘skilled peer’ or the teacher as the superior created the possibility of an abuse of power (Matusov and Hayes, 2000). He also considered the Vygotskian view of the teacher’s role a little directorial and not child-centered. His own model proposed ‘cooperation’ of equal partners instead (i. e. child and teacher on equal footing) in which the teacher asks guiding questions and offers hints, and essentially interferes as little as possible (DeVries, 2000). The various research on ZPD fluctuates between support and disagreement on what constitutes the level of competence needed to influence a child’s ZPD. For example, Vygotsky’s view was that the teacher/skilled peer is more competent than the child and this is supported through research conducted by Gray and Feldman (2004). They studied the interactions between adolescents and young children in terms of pretend play and other associations at the Sudbury Valley School in Massachusetts, USA, and found that after adolescent intervention, the children acted in advanced ways more so than they normally would have if they had been interacting with same-age peers. The implication is the child’s ability to act in their own ZPD is enhanced by the pretend play facilitated by the older peers. The concept of a ZPD is closely related to ‘scaffolding’, the process by which the more competent peer/ teacher assists or controls the less competent child to successfully complete an activity or problem that they would not have been able to do on their own (Matusov Hayes, 2000). Scaffolding contributes to successful social collaboration between the child and peer/teacher and therefore to make believe play (Berk, 1994). As the child becomes more competent at an activity, the peer withdraws their assistance bit by bit, until the child is competent in their own right (Gray Feldman, 2004). Piaget and Vygotsky supported the idea of scaffolding in different ways; however, the common theme was that the teacher’s role is to be encouraging and non-interfering. Make believe play in educational settings Scaffolding is an excellent enhancement in the educational setting, especially in a special learning environment. An example of this is in autistic education: due to congenital abnormalities, autistic children’s modes of social reasoning, emotions and understanding of others is not developed (Gray, 2002). Their language is usually compromised and they do not exhibit mutual social interaction skills. As a result, this fundamentally affects their ability to process or display imaginative or make believe play (Salazar Smith, 2004). Given that make believe play plays a significant role in a child’s social and cognitive development, a child with autism would find it difficult to function in the social world. Yang, Wolfberg, Wu and Hwu (2003) conducted research into the use of IPG (integrated play groups) models to promote play in autistic children. They emphasized a child-centered approach, which entailed evaluation of the child’s abilities and limitations, continual encouragement and systematically scaffolding to higher levels of unstructured social interaction and play. As a result of the study, the autistic children developed the ability to partake in social play and, notably, there was an increase in pretend play (Yang et al. , 2003). The importance of enhancing make-believe in the educational setting can be further supported by a longitudinal study conducted in Ypsilanti, Michigan (High/Scope, 2002, in Almon, 2002). Three groups of randomly selected young students were assigned to two curriculum approaches: child-initiated activities (play orientated) and direct instruction activities. All three groups did well with increases in their IQ, however, the study found that the groups who were assigned to the child-initiated activities excelled in social developmental aspects of personal and social responsibility (High/Scope, in Almon, 2002). While applications in educational settings can enhance and address shortfalls in social and cognitive development, sometimes there is a gap between theory and reality. Research by Cheng (2001), for example, shows that in attempting to apply the application of pretend play in Hong Kong, difficulties were encountered for both the teachers and the learners, the children of two kindergartens. These difficulties related both to the teachers’ understanding of pretend play theory as well as how ‘pretend play’ could work in a tradition that does not normally involve play in learning. One key issue identified by the researchers related to culture. In this case, there were clashes between the ideological underpinnings of the theory and the culture into which the theory was to be applied. For example, given a tradition of formal, didactic teaching, an apparent non-directive encouragement of ‘play’ instead of a focus on academic results was difficult to incorporate into the teaching curriculum and almost alien. Conclusion In summary, make believe play is important to cognitive development and functioning in children. Early theories established a survival-oriented approach to explaining the significance of make believe play, however, Vygotsky and Piaget established a developmental framework that emphasised the role make believe play has in enhancing social and cognitive development. While this essay has not explored every aspect, its role in developing social norms and rules, the connection with language, the implications for the zone of proximal development, and scaffolding are considered. While the significance of make believe play has been established in a western educational context, it may not be so easily transferable, in practise, to other cultures and this would seem to be an interesting avenue of investigation.

The Guide on How to Write a Law Term Paper Properly

The Guide on How to Write a Law Term Paper Properly Conducting legal research and writing a law term paper is inevitable for anyone taking a law-related course, be it the Essentials of Employment Law, Introduction to Contract Law, or Criminal Law. Professors are aware that being a legal professional requires long nights spent leafing through the old cases and analyzing court decisions. Therefore, they normally assign numerous pieces of research and term papers to their students to prepare them for what is waiting them as lawyers, attorneys, judges in the future. The task may seem exigeant at first. Nevertheless, the more one invests in the research process, the easier it gets. As it always is in the legal field, being meticulous ensures the success. Since a term paper is a major assignment, students are normally required to write no more than two of those throughout the term. They are most likely to write several minor research papers before being assigned a term paper in Law. It means a person is more or less familiar with the legal research process by the time he/she is to write a term paper. However, it is still a time-consuming and challenging process that should be approached step-by-step. So follow this law term paper writing guide! Choosing a Topic for a Law Term Paper Since professors want a term paper to represent how well students manges to master the course/the part of the course, they usually give the students a list of topics to choose from. These topics are related to the course materials. In such cases, choosing a topic is neither complicated nor particularly exciting. One should simply decide which of the course materials he/she has the most to write about. However, sometimes, professors would like to see whether students are able of choosing an appropriate topic by themselves. While some believe that they are given the green light, in reality, it is an additional way for a professor to check students’ knowledge. Choice of the topic shows understanding of the course and legal system in general. There are several rules to be followed when choosing an appropriate topic for a law term paper. Most importantly, it must fall within the same area of the subject as the course. If one takes a Consumer Protection course, writing about the legal issues associated with cyberbullying is a no go; Besides, the chosen topic should not be overly broad: as pressing as the problem of sexual assault is, one’s topic should not be Sexual Assault; It is better to narrow the focus and write about a specific aspect of the problem, for instance, Sexual Assault on Campus; Finally, one should make sure that his/her chosen topic is neither under-researched nor over-researched. If the topic is overly specific or explores a newly arisen problem, the research process can get excruciating. At the same time, although topics akin to marijuana legalization, gun control, and statutory rape are fascinating to write about, the amount of academic and non-academic literature on them is enormous. It will be difficult for a student to say something original. Be attentive with a topic choice! Good Topics for Your Term Paper from 4 Legal Areas Administrative Law: The Prisoners’ Right to Vote in the United States: Pro et Contra; The Effects of the USA Freedom Act; The Functions of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Criminal Law: Mandatory Sentencing in the United States: Pro et Contra; Mens Rea in Sexual Assault; Dissociative Identity Disorder Used in Insanity Defence. Environmental Law: The Future of the Tri-State Water Dispute: Possible Outcomes; X Legal Problems of America’s First Energy Plan; The Concept of Intergenerational Equity. Employment Labor Law: The Legal Procedure of Bereavement Leave in the United States; X Pre-Hire Drug Tests in Law or Not? The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification in the New York State. Unsuitable Topics to Avoid in Your Term Paper Workplace Discrimination. The topic is too broad. It is better to choose one type of discrimination, for instance, because of religion and belief. People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson. The O. J. Simpson’s case is over-researched. Besides, after the first season of American Crime Story was aired, the number of students’ papers about the infamous case increased even further. Some professors were forced to include it into the list of taboo topics because they grew tired of reading the same material over and over again. Active Euthanasia in the United States. Taking into account that it is not legal in the United States, it will hardly be possible to write a law term paper on euthanasia. Assisted suicide is probably a better option. The Ethics of ‘Torture Lite.’ It is rather a topic for an ethics or philosophy paper than for a law one. Identifying the Research Type of Your Law Term Paper The types of legal research are countless and include, among others, such approaches as: Deductive vs. inductive, Fundamental vs. applied, Qualitative vs. quantitative. However, since writing a term paper is a part of the educational process, professors normally expect their students to stick to the so-called ‘educational research.’ It is the same as in any other course and implies gathering the information on the topic and analyzing it. Nevertheless, one should at least decide whether his/her term paper is a theoretical or a reform-oriented one. The former is supposed to investigate the chosen topic in detail without proposing any solutions. In contrast, reform-oriented research is aimed at evaluating the existing legislative rules/procedures and suggesting the alternatives that the writer finds more reasonable. Developing a Hypothesis for Your Term Paper in Law Once the topic is chosen, and the research objective is more or less established, the next stage of the writing process is to develop a hypothesis. A thesis statement (the last sentence of the introduction) expresses the author’s stance on the problem and gives readers the idea of what he/she is arguing in the paper. However, at this point, it is unlikely that one can formulate the final thesis. Instead, students should develop its draft version, a hypothesis, which can be reviewed and refined in the course of research. A hypothesis, as well as the final thesis, is supposed to make the author’s position clear in a concise and well-articulated manner. Not every thesis statement has to be argumentative; however, it is always appreciated when students attempt to say something new in their papers, to refute a popular opinion on the subject and suggest their own. It shows the professor that they are invested in the topic. Finding Appropriate Sources for a Law Term Paper Credible and meaningful sources is a significant component of a high-quality term paper. As important as formulating a unique thesis is, it does not ensure the paper’s success unless a student backs up all of his/her ideas with relative evidence from appropriate sources. When writing for a law course, one is going to use both legal and non-legal ones. The former includes two types of sources: Primary authority of law including the constitution, statutes, treaties, basic laws, administrative regulations, court opinions, executive orders, and other documents/statements of law. There are several databases where one can access the primary authority of law sources, but LexisNexis and Westlaw are probably the most well-known ones. Secondary authority of law that explains a primary authority. It includes legal textbooks and encyclopedias, law review academic articles, government publications that comment on laws, legal briefs, and more. The sources representing a secondary authority are as essential as those from the first group. They help students to familiarize themselves with a certain area of law, learn the key terms, and find out about the cases related to the chosen topic. The most convenient way to search for such sources is through regular academic databases, such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, EBSCO, etc. They are easy to navigate and extensive enough to provide one with all the necessary background information. It is also helpful to use legal encyclopedias, for instance, Corpus Juris Secundum (CJS). Finally, non-legal sources include everything that is not exactly law-related: the memoirs of the people involved in famous cases, prominent legal professionals’ (auto-) biographies, books that explain a specific country’s or community’s culture (these are needed for a paper on international law), and more. Even if a student does not include non-legal sources in the bibliography, they help one to establish the context and make the law term paper writing deeper. Composing an Outline of Your Law Term Paper Skipping this stage is not going affect the grade for the term paper. However, the writing process will become significantly more chaotic and, therefore, slower. Students should not neglect an outline for the paper not to appear puzzle-headed. Composing an outline does not take more than twenty minutes and helps you stay focused when writing a term paper. The best approach to come up with a helpful outline is to list the main points that you are going to address. Organize them in a coherent way. Professors sometimes require students to submit the full-sentence outlines several weeks before the final paper to track the progress. In other cases, it is up to students how to organize their outlines. In fact, a simple point-by-point one is normally more than enough. One can merely map out the topic sentences and brief bullet points for each of the paragraphs. The Structure of the Term Paper in Law Law term papers have a standard structure. Unless the professor’s guidelines suggest otherwise, it is as follows: Abstract An abstract is optional and whether students should include it or not depends solely on the guidelines given by the professor/university. In case an abstract is required, one should use it to give a summary of the entire paper including the suggested solutions to the problem if applicable. An abstract should not be longer than 150-200 words. Most journal articles have one and can give students an idea of what it looks like. Introduction An introduction takes about 10% of a paper’s word count and is supposed to prepare readers for what is to come. It should articulate and briefly explain the problem explored, identify its significance, and outline the key points of the paper. The last sentence of the introduction section is a thesis statement the hypothesis revised upon the research. Methodology Not all law term papers must have a methodology section. As well as in the case of abstract, it depends on the professor’s requirements. Normally, a mere educational paper does not contain the overview of methodology. If in doubt, one should either ask his/her professor or refer to the newest edition of Research Methods for Law by Mike McConville (Edinburgh University Press, 2017). Body The main body is the section where a well-composed outline pays off. One should follow the list of the paper’s main points and unfold the idea paragraph-by-paragraph. Normally, a decent term paper includes at least the following: relevant background information about the chosen problem; the analysis of the sources and key issues within the chosen topic; a student’s contribution to the topic/proposed solution. Each of these components should take several paragraphs. One thing to remember is that one paragraph=one subtopic; merging several issues within a single paragraph makes the writing messy. Conclusion One way to understand what a proper conclusion looks like is to think of television series that start each episode with the phrase â€Å"Previously on Hannibal/Supernatural/Lost etc.† Similarly, a conclusion should remind the reader what the paper discussed point-by-point. Since a thesis is the paper’s key element, it must also be restated. As well as an introduction, a conclusion should be concise, about 10% of the paper’s total word count. Bibliography This section contains the list of all the sources cited in the paper referenced according to the required referencing style. More often than not, students are expected to use either Harvard or OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citing Legal Authorities) formats in law term papers. Still, it is better to double-check not to lose points for using the wrong referencing style. Referencing citations guides are available online, for instance, here for Harvard, here for OSCOLA. Besides, websites like CitationMachine.net and CiteThisForme.com offer citation generators. They can be especially helpful for freshman students and those who would like to save their time by having the references auto-generated. Post-Writing Tips for Your Law Term Paper from Our Writers Once the paper is completed, it is advisable to check it for plagiarism. Even when a student writes responsibly and is not tempted to ‘borrow’ someone else’s ideas, it does not guarantee that there is no unintentional plagiarism in his/her paper. Sometimes, in the process of writing, some vaguely familiar phrase comes to mind. One may miss the fact that he/she has seen it before in a journal article or book. Most professors check students’ assignments on Turnitin or regular plagiarism checkers. Not to be accused of the violation of academic integrity, everyone should do the same prior to submitting the paper. BibMe and PlagScan are not as sensitive as Turnitin, but they are a good place to start. Finally, the paper must be proofread at least twice: right upon it is completed and in an hour or so. If there is enough time until the deadline, putting the paper aside to proofread it one final time the following day is even better. It is easier to notice the logical fallacies and grammar mistakes that way. Also, there is nothing embarrassing about reading the paper out loud to oneself. We are sure you move closer to success in writing a term paper in Law. Don’t step back!

Netflicks case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Netflicks - Case Study Example Netflix strategies To remain in the market as the most online subscriber of movies in United States, Netflix had to employ unique strategies since competition was high. One of strategies that the firm had emulate in order to remain an ever-growing subscriber of online movies was provision of large scope selection of DVDs titles to it customers (Emerson 79). This meant that a lot of DVDs were available to the subscribers. Secondly, the firm aimed at acquiring new content by building and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with entertainment video providers. Thirdly, Netflix provides enjoyable movies to the subscribers and making sure the subscribers are the one to choose from a list of movies. The fourth strategy that they use to remain in the market is giving the subscribers time to watch streaming content or receiving quickly delivered DVDs via the mail. Additionally, the company spends a lot of funds in marketing to attract more customers while still making sure that thei r brands and services are available in all major markets. Ethics and social responsibility of Netflix One of the ethical issues of Netflix is to provide online streaming of videos to individuals that are not pirated (Peter 23). Netflix aim is to revolutionize the way many people rented movies and introduce streaming of movies via online. One of social responsibility that the firm had to provide to the subscribers was to make sure that movies were readily available to them (Vitorovich 36). Through maintenance of strong relationship among the employees and ensuring their safety in the work place, the firm has afforded to outdo their rivals like Blockbusters who were engaging them to stiff competition (Den and Koopman 35). In addition, Netflix focuses at shipping about 2 million DVDs on average to daily subscribers and this goal is almost to be achieved since they had been able to get 61% of company’s subscribers who were watching movies on TV episodes. Marketing and promotions Netflix uses different marketing strategies to attract subscribers including banners, text on popular sites that a lot of people were associated with like yahoo, radio stations, regional and national television. These marketing strategies are able to get 194 millions visitors annually; this was five times the number of blockbuster customers (Janko 56). Discounts to subscribers who were active in online purchase were given, this motivated the subscribers. Netflix Company was able to advertise programs to studios and in return they got cash considerations from the studios (Chavez 70). Free movies were offered during advertisement to make sure that the brands were accepted in the market. Advertisement expenses were $205.9 million in 2009, $181.4 million in 2008, and $207.9 million in 2007. Due to the company culture of marketing and promotions, it has emerged as a top performer in the online marketing (Kolb 45). Finance and accounting Netflix revenues grew from $500 millions in 2004 to 1.2 billions. Later in 2010, the figure rose to $2.1 billions comparing with their rivals who showed sharp decline of$569 million loss in revenue (Stelter 61). In 2010, Netflix boards of directors authorized expenditure of up to $300 millions to purchase share of common stock. Netflix recorded a profit of US $6.5 millions and revenue of $272 millions Human resource of Netflix Netflix is run by a group of