Hate Crimes Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And...

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals people make up more than ten percent of the population; that means if you are sitting in a classroom of thirty, then more than three of those people are LGBT individuals. However, this overwhelmingly large minority group continues to be one of the least protected by the government as well as most heavily targeted by discrimination and hate crimes. Regardless of the powerful shift in public opinion concerning LGBT individuals during the last twenty years, the laws concerning hate crimes have remained invariable. A hate crime is an act of aggression against an individuals actual or perceived race, ethnicity, religions, disability, sexual orientation, or gender. Examples†¦show more content†¦The other hate crime law in effect is the Hate Crime Sentencing Act, passed in 1994. It states that perpetrators of a hate crime are to be given not less than three offense levels for offenses that the finder of fact at trial determines beyond a reasonable doubt are hate crimes. This law, however is only in effect if someone is attacked on federal property, such as a national park or Indian reservation, while trying to perform a constitutionally protected right, such as vote or attend school. Because of these limitations a gay man from Shreveport who was beaten to death while waiting for a cab outside of a gay bar would not be protected by the hate crime legislation or a certain Matthew Shepard who was attacked while walking down the streets of Laramie, Wyoming. Hate crimes performed against homosexuals are on the rise as well. The 1996 FBI statistics state that anti-gay hate crimes account for 11.6% of all hate crimes data collected. Though the overall average is down by 1.2% from the year prior the crimes are far more violent and public. There were five more arson reports, ten more reports of crimes committed in commercial buildings, and crimes committed in private residences rose from 267 to 318. These statistics are terrifying, but what makes it even more horrendous is that they are merely the tip of a colossal iceberg; a vast majority ofShow MoreRelatedHate Crime Protection for Gays and Lesbians685 Words   |  3 PagesIn this Gays and lesbians deserve equal protection against the hate crimes that happen in the world. Arent we told as young children and also throughout life to treat others as we would want to be treated? So why are some decimated against based on sexual preference? The statistics show the percentages of the hate discrimination against the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual community. The violence that they are pitted against, due to peoples discrimination against them, in life. And I willRead MoreThe Laramie Project, By Moses Kaufman Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pageshad different point of views. Some thought it was a hate crime, others thought it was just a brutal assault or a form of robbery. Four hundred interviews were conducted so as to come up with the reasons behind the brutal murder straight from the town folks. The main issue was how homosexuality was defined in the crime. The Laramie Project, questioned the rights of the LGBT+ group. For example, why were Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgenders discriminated by the community and the society as aRead MoreEssay on Homosexual Rights and Equality1242 Words   |  5 Pagesfathers wrote these words to protect all individuals. Those Americans who abide by the rules and who are upstanding citizens have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. However, Americans who are not the typical heterosexual are restricted from their rights even if they are faithful citizens. Gay and lesbian couples are discriminated against and unfairly treated because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination against gay and lesbian couples must be confronted so that thoseRead MoreInward Struggle Of Coming Out Methodology1344 Words   |  6 PagesOut-Methodology Methods The transgender community continue to battle the acknowledgment of independent identity within society. The ongoing problem has been the continued gender crisis with mistaken the identity of transgender as the same as gay or lesbian sexuality. Gay is a term commonly used to refer to homosexuals, but transgender is the state in which a person’s gender identity does not match with his/her physical sex (Gay Couple Fertility Care, 2015, p. 1). Transgender people may identify as heterosexualRead MoreLesbian, Gay, Bisexual And Transgender993 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) are extremely marginalized in the basic aspects of life, despite recent changes in the law legalizing same-sex marriage. The following articles, Lesbian, Gay Bisexual and Transgender families in Journal of Marriage and Family, and End-of-Life Care for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people; provides an in-depth look of on-going struggles and d iscrimination they face. Biblarz and Savci (2010) analyzed families thatRead MoreLGBT Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Bases Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston1365 Words   |  6 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Based Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association regarded the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) community as consisting of sociopathic individuals with personality disorders. Today, the stigma has lifted off of these individuals and relationships among the LGBTs are no longer crimes in the US and many other countries; however, select individualsRead MoreEssay on LGBTQ Youth: The Endless Strife1362 Words   |  6 PagesRegional Listening Forum for LGBTQ youth: I realized that being gay is not my problem. It’s their problem. I see it as a social disease. I try not to get involved in negative communities. But I do try to teach them. I’d rather teach them than ignore them. Otherwise, the ignorance will continue and nothing will ever be done about it. (380) Ignorance is the root of nearly all tribulations surrounding the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning community. Education is a way to eradicate theRead MoreThe United States Should Pass New Laws To Prevent Discrimination704 Words   |  3 Pages The united states should pass new laws to prevent discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender citizens because along with degrading discrimination socially, politically, and economically through history based on sexual orientation, they face verbal abuse, and other hate crimes in every aspect of their lives which it is against the declaration of independence and constitution. Sexuality is one of the most debated issued in our current politics, followed by leading disputesRead MoreThe, Gay, Bisexual, And Transsexual People Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pageswho are targeted due to their sexual orientation. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual people experience too much discrimination within the workplac e, schools and social settings we must be supportive and embrace gender identity. This has also been known to cause victims to attempt suicide. Lesbians are homosexual (attracted to persons of the same sex) women; it relates to homosexual women or to homosexuality in women. The definition of gay is a person, especially a homosexual man: it can alsoRead MoreGender Equality : A Fundamental Principle Of International Human Rights1229 Words   |  5 Pageswho are often close to them. Violence and abuse can cause terrible physical and emotional pain. The United States has made remarkable progress on gay rights in a relatively short amount of time. But there is still much work to be done. In many states, it is still legal to fire someone for being gay. It is legal to deny someone housing for being transgender. We must end discrimination of all forms. In reality, just because laws have changed to make life for LGBT people better, that doesn t mean that

3.2 Describe with Examples How Schools May Demonstrate and...

Level 2 Award inSSiS Unit T/601/3325 (205) Task C Page 1 3.1 define the meaning of: Aims The aims are what the school wants to achieve. They could include the goals, targets, intentions and purpose. Values The values are the principles or standards which could include rules of conduct, respect, honesty, kindness, sharing and appreciation. 3.2 Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims Schools might demonstrate their aims by providing the basis for the delivery of the best†¦show more content†¦All rules are displayed in every classroom, children are addressed in assembly everyday and rewarded for good work at the end of the week with pupil of the week, house points, any certificates gained and rewards for good behaviour. Written tasks Obtain a copy of the mission statement or other statement reflecting the core beliefs and purpose of a school with which they are familiar and answer the following questions: Define the meaning of the words aims and values The aims are what they want to achieve and the values are how they are going to achieve it. Describe the schools aims and values St Davids RC Primary School in Cwmbran have the following aims: To follow Christ’s example in serving others. To provide a broad, balanced and integrated curriculum with a view to developing the individual child’s full potential. To foster an environment in which all can grow in their knowledge, understanding and commitment to the Catholic faith, and that of the wider Christian community. To create a happy school environment where everyone feels valued and secure. To prepare children for life so that they can display respect and tolerance in a multi-cultural society To nurture a community where all children, staff, parents, governors and parish work together. To follow Christ’s example in serving others. To provide a broad, balanced and integrated curriculumShow MoreRelatedTda 2.5 Schools as Organisations2215 Words   |  9 PagesTDA 2.5 Schools as organisations Task 1 Links to learning outcome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, assessment criteria 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. †¢ Identify the main types of state and independent schools †¢ Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance †¢ Describe roles and responsibilities of: - School governors - Senior management team - Other statutory roles e.g. SENCO - TeachersRead MoreTda 2.5: Schools as Organisations Essay2027 Words   |  9 Pagesand independent schools. †¢ Primary schools †¢ Secondary schools †¢ Academies †¢ Nurseries †¢ Colleges †¢ Grammar schools †¢ Free schools †¢ Faith schools †¢ Foundation schools †¢ Private schools †¢ Private nurseries †¢ Special needs schools 1.2 Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance. PrimaryRead MoreEssay on Schools as Organisations2523 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.5 Schools as Organisations 1.1: Identify the main types of state and independent schools. 1.2: Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance. †¢ Primary schools – funded by the Government and cover key stages 1 2. †¢ Secondary schools – funded by the Government and cover key stages 3 4. †¢ Academies – State maintained but independently run and cover key stages 3 4. †¢ NurseriesRead MoreSchools as Organisations Level 36524 Words   |  27 PagesUnit 10 Schools as organisations 1.1 Identify the main types of state and independent schools Pre-compulsory LA nurseries, private day nurseries, childminders, playgroups. Compulsory Primary school state and independent, secondary schools state and independent, Academies Further Education Sixth form, College, university 1.2 Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage and school governance Local Authority Nurseries Read MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesManage quality in health and social care or children and young people s setting (O43) 131 Develop and evaluate operational plans for own area of responsibility (B1) 133 Manage physical resources (E8) Understand partnership working (M2a) Understand how to manage a team (LM1a) 135 137 138 Unit 522 Unit 523 Unit 524 Unit 525 Unit 526 Unit 527 Unit 528 Unit 529 Unit 530 Unit 531 Unit 532 Unit 533 Unit 534 Unit 535 Unit 536 Unit 537 Understanding professional supervision practice (LM2a) 140 UnderstandRead More4222 206 Workbook Role of the Health and Social Care Worker5486 Words   |  22 Pagescontribution; Increased choice and control; Freedom from discrimination and harassment; Economic well-being; and Maintaining personal dignity and respect The role of the worker can be identified as: Assessment Skills Usually the care plan. 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Mother Tongue by Amy Tan Summary free essay sample

According to the phrase where Amy Tan says,â€Å"I think my mother’s English almost had an effect on limiting my possibilities in life†. She means that her mother’s language could have affected her life, but why or how? It was because of how people reacted to it, the way they distinguish or see regardless of her ethnicity. As well, she illustrates some life examples on how her mother’s English language takes part in forming her own identity. The writer states, that the perception she had for her mother was limited English. Especially on achievement tests, such as IQ tests, and the SAT. Also hearing her mother spoken â€Å" limited English† at home conduct her to do bad on English courses at school too, rather than her science and math courses in where she got an excellent grade. Consequently taking her away of pursuing her objective in life.But when Tan’s mother speak, she was not reflecting how she really thinks instead of expressing the perfect, vivid, and imaginary thoughts she had. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Tongue by Amy Tan: Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fact that people try to avoid her mother in order to save time talking to her. The writer states, that the perception she had for her mother was limited English. But not reflecting how she really thinks instead of expressing the perfect, vivid, and imaginary thoughts she had. The fact that people try to avoid her mother in order to save time talking to her. As a matter of fact, her love to literature and her rebellious being did not stop her to pursue her dream on becoming a writer. Even Though, people’s opinions on her mother’s English or the results on Tan’s English tests. Like she says that her mother’s English’s â€Å"ALMOST† had an effect on limiting her possibilities in life but it did not. By all means, her phrase has a lot of to say with all her examples and how living in a house with a broken English affected part of her life and how she did not cease on having a master on the English Language.

Variable Cost and Unit Selling Price Essay Example For Students

Variable Cost and Unit Selling Price Essay Cost behavior refers to the manner in which: *a. a cost changes as the related activity changes b. a cost is allocated to products c. a cost is used in setting selling prices d. a cost is estimated 3370. The three most common cost behavior classifications are: a. variable costs, product costs, and sunk costs *b. fixed costs, variable costs, and mixed costs c. variable costs, period costs, and differential costs d. variable costs, sunk costs, and opportunity costs 3371. Costs that remain constant in total dollar amount as the level of activity changes are called: *a. ixed costs b. mixed costs c. pportunity costs d. variable costs 3372. Which of the graphs in Figure 20-1 illustrates the behavior ofa total fixed cost? a. Graph 2 b. Graph 3 c. Graph 4 *d. Graph 1 3373. Which of the graphs in Figure 20-1 illustrates the behavior ofa total variable cost? *b. Graph 3 3374. Which of the graphs in Figure 20-1 illustrates the nature ofa mixed cost? *a. Graph 2 d. Graph 1 3375. Which of the following costs is an example of a cost that remains the same in total as the number of units produced changes? a. Direct labor *b. Salary of a factory supervisor c. Units of production depreciation on factory equipment . Direct materials 3376. Which of the following describes the behavior of the fixed cost per unit? *a. Decreases with increasing production b. Decreases with decreasing production c. Remains constant with changes in production d. Increases with increasing production 3377. Which of the following activity bases would be the most appropriate for food costs of a hospital? a. Number of cooks scheduled to work b. Number of x-rays taken *c. Number of patients who stay in the hospital d. Number of scheduled surgeries 3378. Which of the following activity bases would be the most appropriate for asoline costs of a delivery service, such as United Postal Service? a. Number of trucks employed *b. Number of miles driven c. Number of trucks in service 3379. Most operating decisions of management focus on a narrow range of activity called the: *a. relevant range of production b. strategic level of production c. optimal level of production d. tactical operating level of production 3380. Costs that vary in total in direct proportion to changes in an activity level are called: a. fixed costs b. sunk costs *c. ariable costs d. differential costs 3381. Which of the following is an example of a cost that varies in total as the number f units produced changes? a. Salary of a production supervisor *b. Direct materials cost c. Property taxes on factory buildings d. Straight-line depreciation on factory equipment 3382. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cost that varies in total as the number of units produced changes? a. Electricity per KWH to operate factory equipment b. Direct materials cost *c. Straight-line depreciation on factory equipment d. Wages of assembly worker 3383. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cost that varies in total as the *c. Insurance premiums on factory building 3384. Which of the following describes the behavior of the variable cost per unit? a. Varies in increasing proportion with changes in the activity level b. Varies in decreasing proportion with changes in the activity level *c. Remains constant with changes in the activity level d. Varies in direct proportion with the activity level 3385. The graph of a variable cost when plotted against its related activity base appears as a: a. circle b. rectangle *c. straight line d. urved line .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .postImageUrl , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:hover , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:visited , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:active { border:0!important; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:active , .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76 .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a822a174d07382abf3d7541c4198b76:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homosexuality (526 words) Essay 3386. A cost that has characteristics of both a variable cost and a fixed cost is called a. variable/fixed cost *b. ixed cost c. discretionary cost d. sunk cost 3387. Which of the following costs is a mixed cost? a. Salary of a factory supervisor b. Electricity costs of $2 per kilowatt-hour *c. Rental costs of $5,000 per month plus $. 30 per machine hour of use d. Straight- line depreciation on factory equipment 3388. For purposes of analysis, mixed costs are generally: a. classified as fixed costs b. classified as variable costs c. classified as period costs *d. eparated into their variable and fixed cost components the year, 3,500 desks were manufactured at a total cost of $84,400. In its slowest onth, the company made 1,100 desks at a cost of $46,000. Using the high-low method of cost estimation, total fixed costs are: a. $56,000 *b. $28,400 c. $17,600 d. cannot be determined from the data given 3390. Given the following cost and activity observations for Bounty Companys utilities, use the high-low method to calculate Bounty variable utilities costs per machine hour. Cost Machine Hours March $3,100 1 5,000 April 2,700 10,ooo May 2,900 12,000 June 3,600 18,000 a. $10. 00 b. $. 67 *d. $. 11 ; 3391. Given the following cost and activity observations for Smithson Companys tilities, use the high-low method to calculate Smithsons fixed costs per month. Round variable cost per unit to two decimal places in your calculations. January $52,200 20,000 February 75,000 29,000 57,000 22,000 64,000 24,500 *a. $1,600 b. $2,530 c. $22,800 d. $50,600 ; 3392. Given the following cost and activity observations for Taco Companys utilities, $800 10,400 July 7,200 August 9,500 b. $. 60 *c. $. 40 d. $. 52 3393. Manley Co. manufactures office furniture. During the most productive month of the year, 4,500 desks were manufactured at a total cost of $86,625. In its slowest onth, the company made 1,800 desks at a cost of $49,500. Using the high-low a. $61875 b. $33875 3394. Which of the following statements is true regarding fixed and variable costs? a. Both costs are constant when considered on a per unit basis. b. Both costs are constant when considered on a total basis. *c. Fixed costs are constant in total, and variable costs are constant per unit. d. Variable costs are constant in total, and fixed costs vary in total. 3395. As production increases, what would you expect to happen to fixed cost per unit? a. Increase *b. Decrease c. Remain the same d. Either increase or decrease, depending on the variable costs 3396. Knowing how costs behave is useful to management for all the following reasons except for *a. predicting customer demand. b. predicting profits as sales and production volumes change. c. estimating costs. d. changing an existing product production. 3397. The manufacturing cost of Prancer Industries for three months of the year are provided below: Total Cost Production $ 60,700 1,200 units 80,920 1 ,800 100,300 a. $32. 30 per unit and $77,520 respectively. *b. $33 per unit and $21,100 respectively. c. 32 per unit and $76,800 respectively. . $32. 30 per unit and $22,780 respectively. 3398. As production increases, what should happen to the variable costs per unit? *a. Stay the same. b. Increase. c. Decrease. d. Either increase or decrease, depending on the fixed costs. 3399. Cool-It Company manufactures and sells commercial air conditioners. Because of current trends, it expects to increase sales by 15 percent next year. If this expected level of production and sales occurs and plant expansion is not needed, how should this increase affect next years total amounts for the following costs. .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .postImageUrl , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:hover , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:visited , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:active { border:0!important; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:active , .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3 .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5cfc91df3a9d475a74357528ba4115c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: -The Lotos-Eaters By Tennyson EssayVariable Costs increase o change decrease Fixed Costs Mixed Costs increase *b. increase   c. increase d. 3400. Given the following costs and activities for Downing Company electrical costs, use the high-low method to calculate Downings variable electrical costs per machine hour. Costs $11,700 $13,200 17,500 $11,400 14,500 a. $2. 08 b. $6. 00 *c. $0. 60 d. $1. 20 ; 3401. The systematic examination of the relationships among selling prices, volume of sales and production, costs, and profits is termed: a. contribution margin analysis *b. cost-volume-profit analysis c. budgetary analysis d. gross profit analysis ; 3402. In cost-volume-profit analysis, all costs are classified into the following two categories: a. mixed costs and variable costs b. sunk costs and fixed costs c. discretionary costs and sunk costs *d. variable costs and fixed costs ; 3403. Contribution margin is: *a. the excess of sales revenue over variable cost b. another term for volume in the cost-volume-profit analysis c. profit d. the same as sales revenue ; 3404. The contribution margin ratio is: a. the same as the variable cost ratio b. the same as profit c. the portion of equity contributed by the stockholders *d. the same as the profit-volume ratio